\input texinfo  @c -*-texinfo-*-
@c %**start of header
@setfilename grep-ja.info
@settitle grep, print lines matching a pattern
@c %**end of header
@c @documentlanguage ja

@c This file has the new style title page commands.
@c Run `makeinfo' rather than `texinfo-format-buffer'.

@c smallbook

@c tex
@c \overfullrule=0pt
@c end tex

@include grep-v.texi

@c Combine indices.
@syncodeindex ky cp
@syncodeindex pg cp
@syncodeindex tp cp

@defcodeindex op
@syncodeindex op fn
@syncodeindex vr fn

@ifinfo
@direntry
* grep(ja): (grep-ja).                   print lines matching a pattern.
@end direntry
@c This file documents @command{grep}, a pattern matching engine.
@c 
このファイルは，パターンマッチングエンジン@command{grep}を説明します．

Published by the Free Software Foundation,
59 Temple Place - Suite 330
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

@c man begin COPYRIGHT
Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of
this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice
are preserved on all copies.

@ignore
Permission is granted to process this file through TeX and print the
results, provided the printed document carries a copying permission
notice identical to this one except for the removal of this paragraph
(this paragraph not being relevant to the printed manual).

@end ignore
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``GNU Free
Documentation License'', with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License'' (@pxref{Copying}).
@c man end
@end ifinfo

@setchapternewpage off

@titlepage
@title grep, searching for a pattern
@subtitle version @value{VERSION}, @value{UPDATED}
@author Alain Magloire et al.
@c 翻訳：西尾 太

@page
@vskip 0pt plus 1filll
Copyright @copyright{} 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

@sp 2
Published by the Free Software Foundation, @*
59 Temple Place - Suite 330, @*
Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``GNU Free
Documentation License'', with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@end titlepage


@c @ifnottex
@ifinfo
@node Top
@top Grep

@c @command{grep} searches for lines matching a pattern.
@c 
@command{grep}は，パターンにマッチする行を探します．

@c This document was produced for version @value{VERSION} of @sc{gnu}
@c @command{grep}.
@c 
このドキュメントは，@sc{gnu} @command{grep}のバージョン@value{VERSION} 
に対して作成されました．
@c @end ifnottex
@end ifinfo

@menu
* Introduction::                Introduction.
* Invoking::                    Invoking @command{grep}; description of options.
* Diagnostics::                 Exit status returned by @command{grep}.
* Grep Programs::               @command{grep} programs.
* Regular Expressions::         Regular Expressions.
* Usage::                       Examples.
* Reporting Bugs::              Reporting Bugs.
* Copying::                     License terms.
* Concept Index::               A menu with all the topics in this manual.
* Index::                       A menu with all @command{grep} commands
                                 and command-line options.
@end menu


@node Introduction, Invoking, Top, Top
@chapter はじめに

@cindex Searching for a pattern.

@c @command{grep} searches the input files
@c for lines containing a match to a given
@c pattern list.  When it finds a match in a line, it copies the line to standard
@c output (by default), or does whatever other sort of output you have requested
@c with options.
@c 
@command{grep}は，与えられたパターンリストにマッチするものを含む行を，入
力ファイルで検索します．行の中にマッチしているものが見つかるとき，(デフォ
ルトで)標準出力，または，オプションで要求したあらゆる他の出力にコピーし
ます.

@c Though @command{grep} expects to do the matching on text,
@c it has no limits on input line length other than available memory,
@c and it can match arbitrary characters within a line.
@c If the final byte of an input file is not a newline,
@c @command{grep} silently supplies one.
@c Since newline is also a separator for the list of patterns, there
@c is no way to match newline characters in a text.
@c 
@command{grep}は，テキストでのマッチを期待しますが，利用可能なメモリ以外
に入力行の長さの制限はなく，行の任意の文字にマッチ可能です．入力ファイル
の最後のバイトが改行では無い場合，@command{grep}は暗黙にそれを付加します．
改行は，パターンリストのセパレータでもあるので，テキストの改行文字にマッ
チする方法はありません。

@node Invoking
@chapter @command{grep}の呼び出し

@c @command{grep} comes with a rich set of options from @sc{posix.2} and @sc{gnu}
@c extensions.
@c 
@command{grep}は，@sc{posix.2}と@sc{gnu}の拡張の，豊富なオプションセット
を持っています．

@table @samp

@item -c
@itemx --count
@opindex -c
@opindex --count
@cindex counting lines
@c Suppress normal output; instead print a count of matching
@c lines for each input file.  With the @samp{-v}, @samp{--invert-match} option,
@c count non-matching lines.
@c 
標準的な出力を抑制します．代わりに，それぞれの入力ファイルに対し，マッチ
した行数を出力します．@samp{-v}，@samp{--revert-match}オプションと併用し
た場合，マッチしない行を数えます．

@item -e @var{pattern}
@itemx --regexp=@var{pattern}
@opindex -e
@opindex --regexp=@var{pattern}
@cindex pattern list
@c Use @var{pattern} as the pattern; useful to protect patterns
@c beginning with a @samp{-}.
@c 
@var{pattern}をパターンとして使います．@samp{-}で始まるパターンの保護に
役立ちます．

@item -f @var{file}
@itemx --file=@var{file}
@opindex -f
@opindex --file
@cindex pattern from file
@c Obtain patterns from @var{file}, one per line.  The empty
@c file contains zero patterns, and therefore matches nothing.
@c 
１行毎に，@var{file}からパターンを得ます．空のファイルは，０個のパターン
を含むので，何にもマッチしません．

@item -i
@itemx --ignore-case
@opindex -i
@opindex --ignore-case
@cindex case insensitive search
@c Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the input files.
@c 
パターンと入力ファイルの両方で，大文字小文字の違いを無視します．

@item -l
@itemx --files-with-matches
@opindex -l
@opindex --files-with-matches
@cindex names of matching files
@c Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input
@c file from which output would normally have been printed.
@c The scanning of every file will stop on the first match.
@c 
標準的な出力を抑制します．通常出力されている，それぞれの入力ファイルの名
前を代わりに出力します．全てのファイルの走査は，最初にマッチすると停止し
ます．

@item -n
@itemx --line-number
@opindex -n
@opindex --line-number
@cindex line numbering
@c Prefix each line of output with the line number within its input file.
@c 
入力ファイルの行番号を，それぞれの出力行に前置します．

@item -o
@itemx --only-matching
@opindex -o
@opindex --only-matching
@cindex only matching
@c Print only the part of matching lines that actually matches @var{pattern}.
@c 
@var{pattern}にマッチした行のマッチした部分のみ出力します．

@item -q
@itemx --quiet
@itemx --silent
@opindex -q
@opindex --quiet
@opindex --silent
@cindex quiet, silent
@c Quiet; do not write anything to standard output.  Exit immediately with
@c zero status if any match is found, even if an error was detected.  Also
@c see the @samp{-s} or @samp{--no-messages} option.
@c 
静かを意味します．標準出力に何も書き出しません．エラーが検出されていても，
マッチが見つかった場合，ゼロのステータスですぐに終了します．@samp{-s}や
@samp{--no-messages}オプションも参照してください．

@item -s
@itemx --no-messages
@opindex -s
@opindex --no-messages
@cindex suppress error messages
@c Suppress error messages about nonexistent or unreadable files.
@c Portability note: unlike @sc{gnu} @command{grep}, traditional
@c @command{grep} did not conform to @sc{posix.2}, because traditional
@c @command{grep} lacked a @samp{-q} option and its @samp{-s} option behaved
@c like @sc{gnu} @command{grep}'s @samp{-q} option.  Shell scripts intended
@c to be portable to traditional @command{grep} should avoid both
@c @samp{-q} and @samp{-s} and should redirect
@c output to @file{/dev/null} instead.
@c 
存在しない，あるいは読み込みできないファイルについての，エラーメッセージ
を抑制します．移植性のメモ: 伝統的な@command{grep}は，@samp{-q}オプショ
ンが無く，@samp{-s}オプションは，@sc{gnu} @command{grep}の@samp{-q}オプ
ションのように動作するので，伝統的な@command{grep}は，@sc{gnu}
@command{grep}と異なり，@sc{posix.2}準拠ではありません．伝統的な
@command{grep}との移植性を考慮するシェルスクリプトは，@samp{-q}と
@samp{-s}を避け，代わりに@file{/dev/null}に，出力をリダイレクトするべき
です．

@item -v
@itemx --invert-match
@opindex -v
@opindex --invert-match
@cindex invert matching
@cindex print non-matching lines
@c Invert the sense of matching, to select non-matching lines.
@c 
マッチするという意味を反転し，マッチしない行を選択します．

@item -x
@itemx --line-regexp
@opindex -x
@opindex --line-regexp
@cindex match the whole line
@c Select only those matches that exactly match the whole line.
@c 
正確に行全体がマッチしたもののみを選択します．

@end table

@section @sc{gnu}の拡張

@table @samp

@item -A @var{num}
@itemx --after-context=@var{num}
@opindex -A
@opindex --after-context
@cindex after context
@cindex context lines, after match
@c Print @var{num} lines of trailing context after matching lines.
@c 
マッチした行の後に，後ろの文脈を@var{num}行出力します．

@item -B @var{num}
@itemx --before-context=@var{num}
@opindex -B
@opindex --before-context
@cindex before context
@cindex context lines, before match
@c Print @var{num} lines of leading context before matching lines.
@c 
マッチした行の前に，前の文脈を@var{num}行出力します．

@item -C @var{num}
@itemx --context=@var{num}
@opindex -C
@opindex --context
@cindex context
@c Print @var{num} lines of output context.
@c 
出力文脈の前後の行を出力します．

@item --colour[=@var{WHEN}]
@itemx --color[=@var{WHEN}]
@opindex --colour
@cindex highlight, color, colour
@c The matching string is surrounded by the marker specify in @var{GREP_COLOR}.
@c @var{WHEN} may be `never', `always', or `auto'.
@c 
@var{GREP_COLOR}で指定されているマーカーで，マッチした文字を囲みます．
@var{WHEN}は，`never'，`always'，または`auto'が利用できます．

@item -@var{num}
@opindex -NUM
@c Same as @samp{--context=@var{num}} lines of leading and trailing
@c context.  However, grep will never print any given line more than once.
@c 
@samp{--context=@var{num}}と同様に，前後の行を出力します．しかし，
@command{grep}は，与えられた行を，一度以上出力しません．

@item -V
@itemx --version
@opindex -V
@opindex --version
@cindex Version, printing
@c Print the version number of @command{grep} to the standard output stream.
@c This version number should be included in all bug reports.
@c 
@command{grep}のバージョンナンバーを標準出力に出力します．このバージョン
ナンバーをすべてのバグレポートに含めてください．

@item --help
@opindex --help
@cindex Usage summary, printing
@c Print a usage message briefly summarizing these command-line options
@c and the bug-reporting address, then exit.
@c 
これらのコマンドラインオプションの概要の簡単な使用法メッセージと，バグレ
ポートのアドレスを出力して終了します．

@itemx --binary-files=@var{type}
@opindex --binary-files
@cindex binary files
@c If the first few bytes of a file indicate that the file contains binary
@c data, assume that the file is of type @var{type}.  By default,
@c @var{type} is @samp{binary}, and @command{grep} normally outputs either
@c a one-line message saying that a binary file matches, or no message if
@c there is no match.  If @var{type} is @samp{without-match},
@c @command{grep} assumes that a binary file does not match;
@c this is equivalent to the @samp{-I} option.  If @var{type}
@c is @samp{text}, @command{grep} processes a binary file as if it were
@c text; this is equivalent to the @samp{-a} option.
@c @emph{Warning:} @samp{--binary-files=text} might output binary garbage,
@c which can have nasty side effects if the output is a terminal and if the
@c terminal driver interprets some of it as commands.
@c 
ファイルの最初の数バイトで，ファイルがバイナリデータを含むことを示してい
る場合，ファイルの形式が@var{type}であると考えます．デフォルトで，
@var{type}は@samp{binary}で，@command{grep}は通常，バイナリファイルがマッ
チしたことを告げる１行のメッセージの出力する，または，マッチしない場合は
なにもメッセージを出力しないのどちらかです．@var{type}が
@samp{without-match}の場合，@command{grep}はバイナリファイルはマッチしな
いと考えます．これは@samp{-I}オプションと同じです．@var{type}が
@samp{text} の場合，@command{grep}はバイナリファイルをテキストであるかの
ように処理します．これは@samp{-a}オプションと同じです．@emph{警告:}
@samp{--binary-files=text}は，端末に出力されるバイナリのゴミを出力する可
能性があり，出力が端末で，且つ端末ドライバがそれをコマンドとして解釈した
場合，それは厄介な副作用となるはずです．

@item -b
@itemx --byte-offset
@opindex -b
@opindex --byte-offset
@cindex byte offset
@c Print the byte offset within the input file before each line of output.
@c When @command{grep} runs on @sc{ms-dos} or MS-Windows, the printed
@c byte offsets
@c depend on whether the @samp{-u} (@samp{--unix-byte-offsets}) option is
@c used; see below.
@c 
それぞれの出力行の前に，入力ファイルのバイトオフセットを出力します．
@sc{ms-dos}やMS-Windowsで@command{grep}を実行するときは，
@samp{-u}(@samp{--unix-byte-offsets})オプションが使われているかどうかに
依存して，バイトオフセットを出力します．以下を参照してください．

@item -D @var{action}
@itemx --devices=@var{action}
@opindex -D
@opindex --devices
@cindex device search
@c If an input file is a device, FIFO or socket, use @var{action} to process it.
@c By default, @var{action} is @samp{read}, which means that devices are
@c read just as if they were ordinary files.
@c If @var{action} is @samp{skip}, devices, FIFOs and sockets are silently
@c skipped.
@c 
入力ファイルがデバイス，FIFO，またはソケットの場合，それを処理するために
@var{action}を使用します．デフォルトで@var{action}は@samp{read}で，それ
はデバイスが通常のファイルのように読み込まれることを意味します．
@var{action}が@samp{skip}の場合，デバイス，FIFO，そしてソケットは何事も
なく飛ばされされます．

@item -d @var{action}
@itemx --directories=@var{action}
@opindex -d
@opindex --directories
@cindex directory search
@c If an input file is a directory, use @var{action} to process it.
@c By default, @var{action} is @samp{read}, which means that directories are
@c read just as if they were ordinary files (some operating systems
@c and filesystems disallow this, and will cause @command{grep} to print error
@c messages for every directory or silently skip them). If @var{action} is
@c @samp{skip}, directories are silently skipped.  If @var{action} is
@c @samp{recurse}, @command{grep} reads all files under each directory,
@c recursively; this is equivalent to the @samp{-r} option.
@c 
入力ファイルがディレクトリの場合，それを処理するために，@var{action}を使
用します．デフォルトで@var{action}は@samp{read}で，それは，ディレクトリ
が普通のファイルであるかのように読まれることを意味します(オペレーティン
グシステムとファイルシステムによってはこれができないものもあり，
@command{grep}は全てのディレクトリに対しエラーメッセージを出力したり，そ
れらを何事もなく飛ばしたりします)．@var{action}が@samp{skip}の場合，ディ
レクトリは何事もなく飛ばされます．@var{action}が@samp{recurse}の場合，
@command{grep}はそれぞれのディレクトリ下の全てのファイルを再帰的に読み込
みます．これは，@samp{-r}オプションと同じです．

@item -H
@itemx --with-filename
@opindex -H
@opindex --With-filename
@cindex with filename prefix
@c Print the filename for each match.
@c 
それぞれのマッチに対し，ファイル名を出力します．

@item -h
@itemx --no-filename
@opindex -h
@opindex --no-filename
@cindex no filename prefix
@c Suppress the prefixing of filenames on output when multiple files are searched.
@c 
複数のファイルが検索されているとき，出力の前のファイル名を抑制します．

@item --line-buffered
@opindex --line-buffered
@cindex line buffering
@c Set the line buffering policy, this can be a performance penality.
@c 
ラインバッファリングのポリシーを設定します．動作速度にペナルティーが課せ
られるはずです．

@item --label=@var{LABEL}
@opindex --label
@cindex changing name of standard input
@c Displays input actually coming from standard input as input coming from file
@c @var{LABEL}. This is especially useful for tools like zgrep, e.g.
@c @command{gzip -cd foo.gz |grep --label=foo something}
@c 
標準入力から来た実際の入力を，ファイル@var{LABEL}からの入力のように表示
します．例えば@command{gzip -cd foo.gz |grep --label=foo something}のよ
うな，zgrepツールに対して，これは特に役に立ちます．

@item -L
@itemx --files-without-match
@opindex -L
@opindex --files-without-match
@cindex files which don't match
@c Suppress normal output; instead print the name of each input
@c file from which no output would normally have been printed.
@c The scanning of every file will stop on the first match.
@c 
標準的な出力を抑制します．通常，出力されないそれぞれの入力ファイル名
@footnote{訳注:マッチする行を含まないファイルという意味．}を，代わりに出
力します．全てのファイルのスキャンは，最初にマッチすると停止します．

@item -a
@itemx --text
@opindex -a
@opindex --text
@cindex suppress binary data
@cindex binary files
@c Process a binary file as if it were text; this is equivalent to the
@c @samp{--binary-files=text} option.
@c 
バイナリファイルをテキストファイルであるかのように処理します．これは，
@samp{--binary-files=text}オプションと同じです．

@item -I
@c Process a binary file as if it did not contain matching data; this is
@c equivalent to the @samp{--binary-files=without-match} option.
@c 
バイナリファイルを，マッチデータを含まないものとして処理します．これは
@samp{--binary-files=without-match}オプションと同じです．

@item -w
@itemx --word-regexp
@opindex -w
@opindex --word-regexp
@cindex matching whole words
@c Select only those lines containing matches that form
@c whole words.  The test is that the matching substring
@c must either be at the beginning of the line, or preceded
@c by a non-word constituent character.  Similarly,
@c it must be either at the end of the line or followed by
@c a non-word constituent character.  Word-constituent
@c characters are letters, digits, and the underscore.
@c 
単語全体がマッチしているものを含む行のみを選択します．マッチしているサブ
文字列が，行の最初，または，単語を構成しない文字が前にあるかのどうかを調
べます．同様に，行の最後，または，単語を構成しない文字が後に続くかどうか
を調べます．単語を構成する文字は，文字，数字と，アンダースコアです．

@item -r
@itemx -R
@itemx --recursive
@opindex -r
@opindex --recursive
@cindex recursive search
@cindex searching directory trees
@c For each directory mentioned in the command line, read and process all
@c files in that directory, recursively.  This is the same as the
@c @samp{--directories=recurse} option.
@c 
コマンド行にあるそれぞれのディレクトリに対し，そのディレクトリの全てのファ
イルを再帰的に読み込み処理します．これは，@samp{--directories=recurse}オ
プションと同じです．

@item --include=@var{file_pattern}
@opindex --include
@cindex include files
@cindex searching directory trees
@c When processing directories recursively, only files matching @var{file_pattern}
@c will be search.
@c 
ディレクトリを再帰的に処理しているとき，@var{file_pattern}にマッチしたファ
イルのみ検索します．

@item --exclude=@var{file_pattern}
@opindex --exclude
@cindex exclude files
@cindex searching directory trees
@c When processing directories recursively, skip files matching @var{file_pattern}.
@c 
ディレクトリを再帰的に処理しているとき，@var{file_pattern}にマッチしたファ
イルを飛ばします．

@item -m @var{num}
@itemx --max-count=@var{num}
@opindex -m
@opindex --max-count
@cindex max-count
@c Stop reading a file after @var{num} matching lines.  If the input is
@c standard input from a regular file, and @var{num} matching lines are
@c output, @command{grep} ensures that the standard input is positioned to
@c just after the last matching line before exiting, regardless of the
@c presence of trailing context lines.  This enables a calling process
@c to resume a search.  For example, the following shell script makes use
@c of it:
@c 
@var{num}個のマッチした行以降の読み込みを停止します．入力が通常のファイ
ルからの標準入力で，@var{num}個のマッチした行が出力された場合，
@command{grep}は，それ以降に行が存在していても，既存のマッチ行の最後以降
に標準入力を確実に配置します．これで，検索の概要を処理が呼び出し可能にな
ります．例えば，以下のシェルスクリプトでそれを利用してみます．

@example
while grep -m 1 PATTERN
do
  echo xxxx
done < FILE
@end example

@c But the following probably will not work because a pipe is not a regular
@c file:
@c 
しかし，以下のものはパイプが通常ファイルではないので動作しません．

@example
# This probably will not work.
cat FILE |
while grep -m 1 PATTERN
do
  echo xxxx
done
@end example

@c When @command{grep} stops after NUM matching lines, it outputs
@c any trailing context lines. Since context does not include matching
@c lines, @command{grep} will stop when it encounters another matching line.
@c When the @samp{-c} or @samp{--count} option is also used,
@c @command{grep} does not output a count greater than @var{num}.
@c When the @samp{-v} or @samp{--invert-match} option is
@c also used, @command{grep} stops after outputting @var{num}
@c non-matching lines.
@c 
@command{grep}が@var{num}個のマッチ行の後で停止したとき，それ以降の行を
出力します．文中にマッチする行がない間は，別のマッチ行に遭遇したときに
@command{grep}は停止します．@samp{-c}や@samp{--count}オプションも使用さ
れているとき，@command{grep}は@var{num}個以上数えません．@samp{-v}や
@samp{--invert-match}オプションも使用されているとき，@var{num}個のマッチ
しない行を出力した後で停止します．

@item -y
@opindex -y
@cindex case insensitive search, obsolete option
@c Obsolete synonym for @samp{-i}.
@c 
@samp{-i}に対する時代遅れの同義語です．

@item -U
@itemx --binary
@opindex -U
@opindex --binary
@cindex DOS/Windows binary files
@cindex binary files, DOS/Windows
@c Treat the file(s) as binary.  By default, under @sc{ms-dos}
@c and MS-Windows, @command{grep} guesses the file type by looking
@c at the contents of the first 32kB read from the file.
@c If @command{grep} decides the file is a text file, it strips the
@c @code{CR} characters from the original file contents (to make
@c regular expressions with @code{^} and @code{$} work correctly).
@c Specifying @samp{-U} overrules this guesswork, causing all
@c files to be read and passed to the matching mechanism
@c verbatim; if the file is a text file with @code{CR/LF} pairs
@c at the end of each line, this will cause some regular
@c expressions to fail.  This option has no effect on platforms other than
@c @sc{ms-dos} and MS-Windows.
@c 
ファイルをバイナリとして扱います．デフォルトで，@sc{ms-dos}とMS-Windows 
では，@command{grep}は，ファイルから読み込んだ最初の32kBの内容を見てファ
イル形式を推測します．@command{grep}が，ファイルをテキストファイルだと決
定した場合，元ファイルの内容から@code{CR}文字を取ります(@code{^}と
@code{$}を使った正規表現が正確に働くためです)．@samp{-U}で指定してこの推
測を覆す場合，全てのファイルは読み込まれ，逐語的にマッチ検索する方式に渡
され，ファイルのそれぞれの行の終りが@code{CR/LF}の組のテキストファイルの
場合，失敗する正規表現も出てきます．このオプションは，@sc{ms-dos}と
MS-Windowsのみでサポートされています．

@item -u
@itemx --unix-byte-offsets
@opindex -u
@opindex --unix-byte-offsets
@cindex DOS byte offsets
@cindex byte offsets, on DOS/Windows
@c Report Unix-style byte offsets.  This switch causes
@c @command{grep} to report byte offsets as if the file were Unix style
@c text file, i.e., the byte offsets ignore the @code{CR} characters which were
@c stripped.  This will produce results identical to running @command{grep} on
@c a Unix machine.  This option has no effect unless @samp{-b}
@c option is also used; it has no effect on platforms other than @sc{ms-dos} and
@c MS-Windows.
@c 
Unix形式のバイトオフセットを報告します．これで@command{grep}は，ファイル
があたかもUnixスタイルのファイルであるかのように，バイトオフセットを報告
するよう切替えます．すなわち，バイトオフセットは，取り除かれた@code{CR} 
文字を無視します．これは，Unixマシンで@command{grep}を実行するのと同じ結
果を生成します．このオプションは，@samp{-b}オプションと一緒に使用しない
限り効果がありません．@sc{ms-dos}とMS-Windows以外のプラットホームでは効
果がありません．

@item --mmap
@opindex --mmap
@cindex memory mapped input
@c If possible, use the @code{mmap} system call to read input, instead of
@c the default @code{read} system call.  In some situations, @samp{--mmap}
@c yields better performance.  However, @samp{--mmap} can cause undefined
@c behavior (including core dumps) if an input file shrinks while
@c @command{grep} is operating, or if an I/O error occurs.
@c 
可能な場合，入力を読む際，デフォルトの@code{read}システムコールの代わり
に，@code{mmap}システムコールを使用します．@samp{--mmap}が，良いパフォー
マンスを与える場合もあります．しかし，@command{grep}処理中に入力ファイル
が小さくなる場合や，I/Oエラーが生じた場合，@samp{--mmap}は，(coreの吐き
出しを含め)未定義の動作をすることもあります．

@item -Z
@itemx --null
@opindex -Z
@opindex --null
@cindex zero-terminated file names
@c Output a zero byte (the @sc{ascii} @code{NUL} character) instead of the
@c character that normally follows a file name.  For example, @samp{grep
@c -lZ} outputs a zero byte after each file name instead of the usual
@c newline.  This option makes the output unambiguous, even in the presence
@c of file names containing unusual characters like newlines.  This option
@c can be used with commands like @samp{find -print0}, @samp{perl -0},
@c @samp{sort -z}, and @samp{xargs -0} to process arbitrary file names,
@c even those that contain newline characters.
@c 
通常ファイル名に続く文字の代わりに，0バイト(@sc{ascii}の@code{NUL}文字) 
を出力します．例えば，@samp{grep -lZ}は，それぞれのファイル名の後，通常
の改行の代わりに，0バイトを出力します．このオプションは，ファイル名が改
行のような普通でない文字を含む場合でも出力を曖昧にしません．このオプショ
ンは，改行文字を含むような任意のファイル名を処理するとき使用する，
@samp{find -print0}，@samp{perl -0}，@samp{sort -z}と@samp{xargs -0}のよ
うなコマンドとともに使用されます．

@item -z
@itemx --null-data
@opindex -z
@opindex --null-data
@cindex zero-terminated lines
@c Treat the input as a set of lines, each terminated by a zero byte (the
@c @sc{ascii} @code{NUL} character) instead of a newline.  Like the @samp{-Z}
@c or @samp{--null} option, this option can be used with commands like
@c @samp{sort -z} to process arbitrary file names.
@c 
それぞれの行は，改行の代わりに0バイト(@sc{ascii}の@code{NUL}文字)で終端
され，入力を１行として扱います．@samp{-Z}や@samp{--null}オプションのよう
に，このオプションは，任意のファイル名を処理する際の@samp{sort -z}のよう
なコマンドとともに使用されます．

@end table

@c Several additional options control which variant of the @command{grep}
@c matching engine is used.  @xref{Grep Programs}.
@c 
@command{grep}マッチエンジンの変形を使用するかどうかを制御する，追加のオ
プションもあります．@xref{Grep Programs}.

@section 環境変数

@c Grep's behavior is affected by the following environment variables.
@c 
@command{grep}の動作は，以下の環境変数に影響されます．

@c A locale @code{LC_@var{foo}} is specified by examining the three
@c environment variables @env{LC_ALL}, @env{LC_@var{foo}}, and @env{LANG},
@c in that order.  The first of these variables that is set specifies the
@c locale.  For example, if @env{LC_ALL} is not set, but @env{LC_MESSAGES}
@c is set to @samp{pt_BR}, then Brazilian Portuguese is used for the
@c @code{LC_MESSAGES} locale.  The C locale is used if none of these
@c environment variables are set, or if the locale catalog is not
@c installed, or if @command{grep} was not compiled with national language
@c support (@sc{nls}).
@c 
ロケール@code{LC_@var{foo}}は，３つの環境変数@env{LC_ALL}，
@env{LC_@var{foo}}，そして@env{LANG}を，その順番で調査して指定されます．
これらの変数の最初に設定されているものでロケールを指定します，例えば，
@env{LC_ALL}が設定されておらず@env{LC_MESSAGES}が@samp{pt_BR}に設定され
ている場合，@code{LC_MESSAGES}ロケールとしてブラジルのポルトガル語が使用
されます．これらの環境変数が全く設定されていない場合，またはロケールのカ
タログがインストールされていない場合，または@command{grep}が国際言語サポー
ト(@sc{nls})無しでコンパイルされていない場合は，Cロケールが使用されます．

@cindex environment variables

@table @env

@item GREP_OPTIONS
@vindex GREP_OPTIONS
@cindex default options environment variable
@c This variable specifies default options to be placed in front of any
@c explicit options.  For example, if @code{GREP_OPTIONS} is
@c @samp{--binary-files=without-match --directories=skip}, @command{grep}
@c behaves as if the two options @samp{--binary-files=without-match} and
@c @samp{--directories=skip} had been specified before
@c any explicit options.  Option specifications are separated by
@c whitespace.  A backslash escapes the next character, so it can be used to
@c specify an option containing whitespace or a backslash.
@c 
この変数は，あらゆる明確なオプションの前に置く，デフォルトオプションを指
定します．例えば，@code{GREP_OPTIONS}が
@samp{--binary-files=without-match --directories=skip} の場合，
@command{grep}は，２つのオプション@samp{--binary-files=without-match}と
@samp{--directories=skip}が，明確なオプションの前に指定されているように
動作します．オプション指定は，空白で分割します．バックスラッシュは次の文
字をエスケープするので，空白やバックスラッシュを含むオプションを指定する
とき使用することができます．

@item GREP_COLOR
@vindex GREP_COLOR
@cindex highlight markers
@c This variable specifies the surrounding markers use to highlight the matching
@c text.  The default is control ascii red.
@c 
この変数は，マッチしたテキストを強調するために使用する周りのマーカーを指
定します．デフォルトはアスキー制御の赤です．

@item LC_ALL
@itemx LC_COLLATE
@itemx LANG
@vindex LC_ALL
@vindex LC_COLLATE
@vindex LANG
@cindex character type
@cindex national language support
@cindex NLS
@c These variables specify the @code{LC_COLLATE} locale, which determines
@c the collating sequence used to interpret range expressions like
@c @samp{[a-z]}.
@c 
これらの変数は@code{LC_COLLATE}ロケールを指定し，それは@samp{[a-z]}のよ
うな範囲表現を解釈するために使用される，照合の手続きを決定します．

@item LC_ALL
@itemx LC_CTYPE
@itemx LANG
@vindex LC_ALL
@vindex LC_CTYPE
@vindex LANG
@cindex character type
@cindex national language support
@cindex NLS
@c These variables specify the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale, which determines the
@c type of characters, e.g., which characters are whitespace.
@c 
これらの変数は@code{LC_CTYPE}ロケールを指定し，それは例えば，どの文字が
空白となるかといった，文字の型を決定します．

@item LC_ALL
@itemx LC_MESSAGES
@itemx LANG
@vindex LC_ALL
@vindex LC_MESSAGES
@vindex LANG
@cindex language of messages
@cindex message language
@cindex national language support
@cindex NLS
@cindex translation of message language
@c These variables specify the @code{LC_MESSAGES} locale, which determines
@c the language that @command{grep} uses for messages.  The default C
@c locale uses American English messages.
@c 
これらの変数は@code{LC_MESSAGES}ロケールを指定し，それは，@command{grep} 
がメッセージで使用する言語を決定します．デフォルトのCロケールでは，アメ
リカ英語のメッセージを使用します．

@item POSIXLY_CORRECT
@vindex POSIXLY_CORRECT
@c If set, @command{grep} behaves as @sc{posix.2} requires; otherwise,
@c @command{grep} behaves more like other @sc{gnu} programs.  @sc{posix.2}
@c requires that options that
@c follow file names must be treated as file names; by default, such
@c options are permuted to the front of the operand list and are treated as
@c options.  Also, @sc{posix.2} requires that unrecognized options be
@c diagnosed as
@c ``illegal'', but since they are not really against the law the default
@c is to diagnose them as ``invalid''.  @code{POSIXLY_CORRECT} also
@c disables @code{_@var{N}_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_}, described below.
@c 
設定されている場合，@command{grep}は，@sc{posix.2}で要求されているように
動作します．そうでない場合，@command{grep}は，他の@sc{gnu}プログラムのよ
うに動作します．@sc{posix.2}は，ファイル名が続くオプションは，ファイル名
として扱う必要があると要求します．デフォルトで，そのようなオプションは，
オペランドリストの前に順序を変え，オプションとして扱われます．また，
@sc{posix.2}は，理解できなかったオプションを「不正」と診断することも要求
しますが，本当に規則に反しているわけではないので，デフォルトでは「無効」
と診断されます．@code{POSIXLY_CORRECT}は，以下で述べる
@code{_@var{N}_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_}も使用できないようにします．

@item _@var{N}_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
@vindex _@var{N}_GNU_nonoption_argv_flags_
@c (Here @code{@var{N}} is @command{grep}'s numeric process ID.)  If the
@c @var{i}th character of this environment variable's value is @samp{1}, do
@c not consider the @var{i}th operand of @command{grep} to be an option, even if
@c it appears to be one.  A shell can put this variable in the environment
@c for each command it runs, specifying which operands are the results of
@c file name wildcard expansion and therefore should not be treated as
@c options.  This behavior is available only with the @sc{gnu} C library, and
@c only when @code{POSIXLY_CORRECT} is not set.
@c 
(ここで，@code{@var{N}}は，@command{grep}のプロセスID番号です．)この環境
変数の値の@var{i}番目の文字が@samp{1}の場合，@command{grep}の@var{i}番目
のオペランドは，明らかにそうであってもオプションと考えません．シェルは，
実行するそれぞれのコマンドに対し，この変数を環境に置くことができ，それを
指定すると，オペランドはワイルドカードを展開したファイル名の結果となり，
そのため，オプションとして扱われません．この動作は，@sc{gnu}Cライブラリ
のみで，@code{POSIXLY_CORRECT}が設定されていないときのみ利用可能です．

@end table

@node Diagnostics
@chapter 診断

@c Normally, exit status is 0 if selected lines are found and 1 otherwise.
@c But the exit status is 2 if an error occurred, unless the @option{-q} or
@c @option{--quiet} or @option{--silent} option is used and a selected line
@c is found.
@c 
通常，選択した行が見つかった場合は終了ステータスが０で，それ以外では１に
なります．しかし，@option{-q}や@option{--quiet}または@option{--silent}オ
プションが使用されておらず，選択した行が見つからなければ，エラーが生じる
と終了ステータスは２になります．

@node Grep Programs
@chapter @command{grep}プログラム

@c @command{grep} searches the named input files (or standard input if no
@c files are named, or the file name @file{-} is given) for lines containing
@c a match to the given pattern.  By default, @command{grep} prints the
@c matching lines.  There are four major variants of @command{grep},
@c controlled by the following options.
@c 
@command{grep}は，指名された入力ファイル(または，ファイルが指名されない
場合や，@file{-}という名前のファイルが与えられた場合は標準入力)で，与え
られたパターンにマッチしたものを含む行を探します．デフォルトで，
@command{grep}はマッチした行を出力します．４つの主要な@command{grep}の変
形があり，以下のオプションで制御されます．

@table @samp

@item -G
@itemx --basic-regexp
@opindex -G
@opindex --basic-regexp
@cindex matching basic regular expressions
@c Interpret the pattern as a basic regular expression.  This is the default.
@c 
基本的な正規表現としてパターンを解釈します．これはデフォルトです．

@item -E
@itemx --extended-regexp
@opindex -E
@opindex --extended-regexp
@cindex matching extended regular expressions
@c Interpret the pattern as an extended regular expression.
@c 
拡張された正規表現として，パターンを解釈します．

@item -F
@itemx --fixed-strings
@opindex -F
@opindex --fixed-strings
@cindex matching fixed strings
@c Interpret the pattern as a list of fixed strings, separated
@c by newlines, any of which is to be matched.
@c 
改行で分けられた固定文字列のリストとしてパターンを解釈し，それはどれにで
もマッチします．

@item -P
@itemx --perl-regexp
@opindex -P
@opindex --perl-regexp
@cindex matching Perl regular expressions
@c Interpret the pattern as a Perl regular expression.
@c 
Perlの正規表現としてパターンを解釈します．

@end table

@c In addition, two variant programs @sc{egrep} and @sc{fgrep} are available.
@c @sc{egrep} is the same as @samp{grep -E}.  @sc{fgrep} is the
@c same as @samp{grep -F}.
@c 
さらに，2つの変形プログラム，@command{egrep}と@command{fgrep}が利用可能
です． @command{egrep}は，@samp{grep -E}と同じです．@command{fgrep}は，
@samp{grep -F}と同じです．

@node Regular Expressions
@chapter 正規表現
@cindex regular expressions

@c A @dfn{regular expression} is a pattern that describes a set of strings.
@c Regular expressions are constructed analogously to arithmetic expressions,
@c by using various operators to combine smaller expressions.
@c @command{grep} understands two different versions of regular expression
@c syntax: ``basic''(BRE) and ``extended''(ERE).  In @sc{gnu} @command{grep},
@c there is no difference in available functionality using either syntax.
@c In other implementations, basic regular expressions are less powerful.
@c The following description applies to extended regular expressions;
@c differences for basic regular expressions are summarized afterwards.
@c 
@dfn{正規表現}は，文字列のセットを記述するパターンです．正規表現は，より
小さな表現を統合する，様々なオペレータを使った算数的な表現で，同様に組み
立てられます．@command{grep}は，２つの異なるバージョンの正規表現構文，`` 
基本''(BRE)と``拡張''(ERE)を理解します．@sc{gnu} @command{grep}では，ど
ちらの構文を使っても，利用可能な機能に違いはありません．他のインプリメン
テーションでは，基本正規表現はそんなに強力ではありません．以下の記述は，
拡張正規表現に当てはまります．基本正規表現との違いは，後で要約します．

@c The fundamental building blocks are the regular expressions that match
@c a single character.  Most characters, including all letters and digits,
@c are regular expressions that match themselves.  Any metacharacter
@c with special meaning may be quoted by preceding it with a backslash.
@c 
基本的な構築ブロックは，一文字にマッチする正規表現です．すべての文字と数
字を含むほとんどの文字は，自分自身にマッチする正規表現です．特殊な意味を
持つあらゆるメタ文字は，バックスラッシュを前に置くことで引用可能です．
@samp{[}と@samp{]}で囲まれた文字のリストは，リストのあらゆる一文字とマッ
チします．リストの最初の文字がキャレット@samp{^}の場合，リストに
@strong{ない}あらゆる文字にマッチします．例えば，正規表現
@samp{[0123456789]}は，あらゆる数字にマッチします．文字の範囲は，ハイフ
ンで分けられた，最初と最後の文字を与えることで指定できます．

@c A regular expression may be followed by one of several
@c repetition operators:
@c 
正規表現は，以下の反復子の一つを続けてもかまいません．

@table @samp

@item .
@opindex .
@cindex dot
@cindex period
@c The period @samp{.} matches any single character.
@c 
ピリオド@samp{.}は，あらゆる単一文字にマッチします．

@item ?
@opindex ?
@cindex question mark
@cindex match sub-expression at most once
@c The preceding item is optional and will be matched at most once.
@c 
前の項目はオプションで，１回以下にマッチします．

@item *
@opindex *
@cindex asterisk
@cindex match sub-expression zero or more times
@c The preceding item will be matched zero or more times.
@c 
前の項目の０回以上にマッチします．

@item +
@opindex +
@cindex plus sign
@c The preceding item will be matched one or more times.
@c 
前の項目の１回以上にマッチします．

@item @{@var{n}@}
@opindex @{n@}
@cindex braces, one argument
@cindex match sub-expression n times
@c The preceding item is matched exactly @var{n} times.
@c 
前の項目の，正確に@var{n}回にマッチします．

@item @{@var{n},@}
@opindex @{n,@}
@cindex braces, second argument omitted
@cindex match sub-expression n or more times
@c The preceding item is matched n or more times.
@c 
前の項目の@var{n}回以上にマッチします．

@item @{@var{n},@var{m}@}
@opindex @{n,m@}
@cindex braces, two arguments
@c The preceding item is matched at least @var{n} times, but not more than
@c @var{m} times.
@c 
前の項目の，@var{n}回以上，@var{m}回以下にマッチします．

@end table

@c Two regular expressions may be concatenated; the resulting regular
@c expression matches any string formed by concatenating two substrings
@c that respectively match the concatenated subexpressions.
@c 
２つの正規表現を連結してもかまいません．結果として得られる正規表現は，そ
れぞれの連結されたサブ表現にマッチする，２つのサブ文字列を連結した形式の，
あらゆる文字列にマッチします．

@c Two regular expressions may be joined by the infix operator @samp{|}; the
@c resulting regular expression matches any string matching either subexpression.
@c 
２つの正規表現は，インフィクスオペレータ@samp{|}で連結してもかまいません．
結果として得られる正規表現は，サブ表現のどちらかにマッチする，あらゆる文
字列にマッチします．

@c Repetition takes precedence over concatenation, which in turn
@c takes precedence over alternation.  A whole subexpression may be
@c enclosed in parentheses to override these precedence rules.
@c 
反復子は連結子に優先し，反対に交換子に優先します．サブ表現全体は，これら
の優先規則を無効にするためにカッコで囲んでもかまいません．


@section 文字クラス

@cindex bracket expression
@cindex character class
@c A @dfn{bracket expression} is a list of characters enclosed by @samp{[} and
@c @samp{]}.  It matches any single character in that list; if the first
@c character of the list is the caret @samp{^}, then it matches any character
@c @strong{not} in the list.  For example, the regular expression
@c @samp{[0123456789]} matches any single digit.
@c 
@dfn{大カッコの表現}とは，@samp{[}と@samp{]}で囲まれている文字のリストで
す．それは，そのリストにある，あらゆる単一文字にマッチします．リストの最
初の文字がキャレット@samp{^}の場合，リストに@strong{ない}あらゆる文字に
マッチします．例えば，正規表現@samp{[0123456789]}は，あらゆる数字にマッ
チします．

@cindex range expression
@c Within a bracket expression, a @dfn{range expression} consists of two
@c characters separated by a hyphen.  It matches any single character that
@c sorts between the two characters, inclusive, using the locale's
@c collating sequence and character set.  For example, in the default C
@c locale, @samp{[a-d]} is equivalent to @samp{[abcd]}.  Many locales sort
@c characters in dictionary order, and in these locales @samp{[a-d]} is
@c typically not equivalent to @samp{[abcd]}; it might be equivalent to
@c @samp{[aBbCcDd]}, for example.  To obtain the traditional interpretation
@c of bracket expressions, you can use the C locale by setting the
@c @env{LC_ALL} environment variable to the value @samp{C}.
@c 
大カッコ表現内部では，@dfn{範囲表現}はハイフンで分離されている２つの文字
から成り立ちます．それは，ロケールの照合順で，そのロケールの文字集合を用
いて，２つの文字の間をソートしたもの(その文字自身も含まれる)にある，あら
ゆる単一文字にマッチします．例えば，デフォルトのCロケールでは，
@samp{[a-d]}は@samp{[abcd]}と同じです．ロケールの多くは辞書の順番でソー
トされていて，それらのロケールでは@samp{[a-d]}は，一般的に@samp{[abcd]} 
と同じではありません．例えば，@samp{[aBbCcDd]}と同じかもしれません．伝統
的な大カッコの解釈を得るために，@env{LC_ALL}環境変数を値@samp{C}に設定す
ることで，Cロケールを使用することが可能です．

@c Finally, certain named classes of characters are predefined within
@c bracket expressions, as follows.
@c Their interpretation depends on the @code{LC_CTYPE} locale; the
@c interpretation below is that of the C locale, which is the default
@c if no @code{LC_CTYPE} locale is specified.
@c 
終りに，命名された特定の文字のクラスは，以下のように大カッコで前もって定
義されています．その解釈は@code{LC_CTYPE}ロケールに依存します．以下の解
釈はCロケールのもので，@code{LC_CTYPE}ロケールが指定されていない場合にデ
フォルトになるものです．

@cindex classes of characters
@cindex character classes
@table @samp

@item [:alnum:]
@opindex alnum
@cindex alphanumeric characters
@c Alphanumeric characters:
@c @samp{[:alpha:]} and @samp{[:digit:]}.
@c 
英数文字： @samp{[:alpha:]}と@samp{[:digit:]}．

@item [:alpha:]
@opindex alpha
@cindex alphabetic characters
@c Alphabetic characters:
@c @samp{[:lower:]} and @samp{[:upper:]}.
@c 
アルファベット文字： @samp{[:lower:]}と@samp{[:upper:]}．

@item [:blank:]
@opindex blank
@cindex blank characters
@c Blank characters:
@c space and tab.
@c 
空白文字： スペースとタブ．

@item [:cntrl:]
@opindex cntrl
@cindex control characters
@c Control characters.  In @sc{ascii}, these characters have octal codes 000
@c through 037, and 177 (@code{DEL}).  In other character sets, these are
@c the equivalent characters, if any.
@c 
コントロール文字．@sc{ascii}では，これらの文字は8進数コードで，000から
037までと177 (@code{DEL})です．その他の文字セットでは，それが何であれ，
文字と同じです．

@item [:digit:]
@opindex digit
@cindex digit characters
@cindex numeric characters
@c Digits: @code{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}.
@c 
数字： @code{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9}．

@item [:graph:]
@opindex graph
@cindex graphic characters
@c Graphical characters:
@c @samp{[:alnum:]} and @samp{[:punct:]}.
@c 
グラフィック文字： @samp{[:alnum:]}と@samp{[:punct:]}．

@item [:lower:]
@opindex lower
@cindex lower-case letters
@c Lower-case letters:
@c @code{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z}.
@c 
小文字：@code{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z}．

@item [:print:]
@opindex print
@cindex printable characters
@c Printable characters:
@c @samp{[:alnum:]}, @samp{[:punct:]}, and space.
@c 
印刷可能な文字： @samp{[:alnum:]}，@samp{[:punct:]}，そしてスペース．

@item [:punct:]
@opindex punct
@cindex punctuation characters
@c Punctuation characters:
@c @code{!@: " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - .@: / : ; < = > ?@: @@ [ \ ] ^ _ ` @{ | @} ~}.
@c 
句読点文字：@code{!@: " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - .@: / : ; < = > ?@: @@ [ \
] ^ _ ` @{ | @} ~}．

@item [:space:]
@opindex space
@cindex space characters
@cindex whitespace characters
@c Space characters:
@c tab, newline, vertical tab, form feed, carriage return, and space.
@c 
スペース文字： タブ，改行，垂直タブ，フォームフィード，キャリッジリター
ン，そしてスペース．

@item [:upper:]
@opindex upper
@cindex upper-case letters
@c Upper-case letters:
@c @code{A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z}.
@c 
大文字： @code{A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z}.

@item [:xdigit:]
@opindex xdigit
@cindex xdigit class
@cindex hexadecimal digits
@c Hexadecimal digits:
@c @code{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f}.
@c 
16進数： @code{0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F a b c d e f}.

@end table

@c For example, @samp{[[:alnum:]]} means @samp{[0-9A-Za-z]}, except the latter
@c depends upon the C locale and the @sc{ascii} character
@c encoding, whereas the former is independent of locale and character set.
@c (Note that the brackets in these class names are
@c part of the symbolic names, and must be included in addition to
@c the brackets delimiting the bracket list.)
@c 
例えば，@samp{[[:alnum:]]}は@samp{[0-9A-Za-z]}を意味しますが，後者の書式
は，Cロケールと@sc{ascii}文字の符号化に依存し，前者はロケールと文字集合
に依存しません．(これらのクラス名のカッコはジンボル名の一部で，追加時に
は，カッコのリストを範囲を定めるカッコを含める必要があることに注意してく
ださい)

@c Most metacharacters lose their special meaning inside lists.
@c 
ほとんどのメタ文字は，リスト内で特殊な意味を失います．

@table @samp
@item ]
@c ends the list if it's not the first list item.  So, if you want to make
@c the @samp{]} character a list item, you must put it first.
@c 
最初のリスト項目ではない場合，リストを終了します．そのため，@samp{]}をリ
スト項目にしたい場合，それを最初に書く必要があります．

@item [.
@c represents the open collating symbol.
@c 
開いている照合するシンボルを表現します．

@item .]
@c represents the close collating symbol.
@c 
閉じている照合するシンボルを表現します．

@item [=
@c represents the open equivalence class.
@c 
開いている等価クラスを表現します．

@item =]
@c represents the close equivalence class.
@c 
閉じている等価クラスを表現します．

@item [:
@c represents the open character class followed by a valid character class name.
@c 
有効な文字クラス名が続いている，開いている文字クラスを表現します．

@item :]
@c represents the close character class followed by a valid character class name.
@c 
有効な文字クラス名が続いている，閉じている字クラスを表現します．

@item -
@c represents the range if it's not first or last in a list or the ending point
@c of a range.
@c 
リストの最初または最後ではなく，範囲の最終の点ではない場合，範囲を表現し
ます．

@item ^
@c represents the characters not in the list.  If you want to make the @samp{^}
@c character a list item, place it anywhere but first.
@c 
リストに無い文字を表現します．@samp{^}をリストの項目にしたい場合，最初以
外のどこかに書いてください．

@end table

@section バックスラッシュ文字
@cindex backslash

@c The @samp{\} when followed by certain ordinary characters take a special
@c meaning :
@c 
特定の文字が続くとき，@samp{\}は特殊ないもを持ちます．

@table @samp

@item @samp{\b}
@c Match the empty string at the edge of a word.
@c 
単語の端にある空の文字列にマッチします．

@item @samp{\B}
@c Match the empty string provided it's not at the edge of a word.
@c 
単語の端ではない空の文字列にマッチします．

@item @samp{\<}
@c Match the empty string at the beginning of word.
@c 
単語の最初の空の文字列にマッチします．

@item @samp{\>}
@c Match the empty string at the end of word.
@c 
単語の終りの空の文字列にマッチします．

@item @samp{\w}
@c Match word constituent, it is a synonym for @samp{[[:alnum:]]}.
@c 
単語の構成要素にマッチし，それは@samp{[[:alnum:]]}の同義語です．

@item @samp{\W}
@c Match non word constituent, it is a synonym for @samp{[^[:alnum:]]}.
@c 
単語の構成要素ではないものにマッチし，それは@samp{[^[:alnum:]]}の同義語
です．

@end table

@c For example , @samp{\brat\b} matches the separate word @samp{rat},
@c @samp{c\Brat\Be} matches @samp{crate}, but @samp{dirty \Brat} doesn't
@c match @samp{dirty rat}.
@c 
例えば，@samp{\brat\b}は，分離されている単語@samp{rat}にマッチし，
@samp{c\Brat\Be}は@samp{crate}にマッチしますが，@samp{dirty \Brat}は
@samp{dirty rat}にマッチしません．

@section アンカー
@cindex anchoring

@c The caret @samp{^} and the dollar sign @samp{$} are metacharacters that
@c respectively match the empty string at the beginning and end of a line.
@c 
キャレット@samp{^}とドル記号@samp{$}は，それぞれ行の最初と最後の空の文字
列にマッチします．

@section 後方参照
@cindex back-reference

@c The back-reference @samp{\@var{n}}, where @var{n} is a single digit, matches
@c the substring previously matched by the @var{n}th parenthesized subexpression
@c of the regular expression. For example, @samp{(a)\1} matches @samp{aa}.
@c When use with alternation if the group does not participate in the match, then
@c the back-reference makes the whole match fail.  For example, @samp{a(.)|b\1}
@c will not match @samp{ba}.  When multiple regular expressions are given with
@c @samp{-e} or from a file @samp{-f file}, the back-referecences are local to
@c each expression.
@c 
後方参照@samp{\@var{n}}(ここでの@var{n}は単一の10進数です)は，@var{n}番
目のカッコで囲まれた正規表現のサブ表現としてこれまでにマッチしていたサブ
文字列にマッチします．例えば，@samp{(a)\1}は@samp{aa}にマッチします．グ
ループがマッチに関与していない状態で交換を使用するとき，後方参照は全体の
マッチで失敗します．例えば，@samp{a(.)|b\1}は@samp{ba}にマッチしません．
複数の正規表現が@samp{-e}やファイルから@samp{-f file}で与えられていると
き，後方参照はそれぞれの表現に対しローカルなものになります．

@section 基本 vs 拡張
@cindex basic regular expressions

@c In basic regular expressions the metacharacters @samp{?}, @samp{+},
@c @samp{@{}, @samp{|}, @samp{(}, and @samp{)} lose their special meaning;
@c instead use the backslashed versions @samp{\?}, @samp{\+}, @samp{\@{},
@c @samp{\|}, @samp{\(}, and @samp{\)}.
@c 
基本的な正規表現では，メタ文字@samp{?}，@samp{+}，@samp{@{}，@samp{|}，
@samp{(}，そして@samp{)}は，その特別な意味を失います．その代わりにバック
スラッシュバージョンの@samp{\?}，@samp{\+}，@samp{\@{}，@samp{\|}，
@samp{\(}，そして@samp{\)} を使用してください．

@cindex interval specifications
@c Traditional @command{egrep} did not support the @samp{@{} metacharacter,
@c and some @command{egrep} implementations support @samp{\@{} instead, so
@c portable scripts should avoid @samp{@{} in @samp{egrep} patterns and
@c should use @samp{[@{]} to match a literal @samp{@{}.
@c 
伝統的な@command{egrep}は，@samp{@{}のメタ文字をサポートしておらず，その
代わりに@samp{\@{}のサポートを実装しているものもあるので，移植性の高いス
クリプトでは，@samp{egrep}のパターンで@samp{@{}の使用を避け，リテラルの
@samp{@{}にマッチさせるために@samp{[@{]}を使用すべきです．

@c @sc{gnu} @command{egrep} attempts to support traditional usage by
@c assuming that @samp{@{} is not special if it would be the start of an
@c invalid interval specification.  For example, the shell command
@c @samp{egrep '@{1'} searches for the two-character string @samp{@{1}
@c instead of reporting a syntax error in the regular expression.
@c @sc{posix.2} allows this behavior as an extension, but portable scripts
@c should avoid it.
@c 
@sc{gnu} @command{egrep}では，@samp{@{}がインターバルの指定を開始するも
のとして無効な場合，@samp{@{}は特殊なものではないと仮定して伝統的な使用
方法のサポートを試みます．例えば，シェルコマンド@samp{egrep '@{1'}は，正
規表現の構文エラーを報告する代わりに，@samp{@{1}の２文字を検索します．
@sc{posix.2}では，この動作を拡張として許可していますが，移植性の高いスク
リプトではそれを避けるべきです．

@node Usage
@chapter 使用法

@cindex Usage, examples
@c Here is an example shell command that invokes @sc{gnu} @command{grep}:
@c 
@sc{gnu} @command{grep}を呼び出す，シェルコマンドの例は以下のようになり
ます．

@example
grep -i 'hello.*world' menu.h main.c
@end example

@noindent
@c This lists all lines in the files @file{menu.h} and @file{main.c} that
@c contain the string @samp{hello} followed by the string @samp{world};
@c this is because @samp{.*} matches zero or more characters within a line.
@c @xref{Regular Expressions}.  The @samp{-i} option causes @command{grep}
@c to ignore case, causing it to match the line @samp{Hello, world!}, which
@c it would not otherwise match.  @xref{Invoking}, for more details about
@c how to invoke @command{grep}.
@c 
これは，@file{menu.h}と@file{main.c}で，文字列@samp{world}が続く文字列
@samp{hello}を含む，全ての行をリストアップします．これは，@samp{.*}が，
行の0以上の文字にマッチするためです．@xref{Regular Expressions}.
@samp{-i}オプションは，@command{grep}に大文字小文字を無視させ，
@samp{Hello, world!}にマッチさせます．そうしなければマッチしません．
@command{grep}の呼び出し方の詳細は，@xref{Invoking}.

@cindex Using @command{grep}, Q&A
@cindex FAQ about @command{grep} usage
@c Here are some common questions and answers about @command{grep} usage.
@c 
以下に@command{grep}の使用法に関する一般的な質問と回答を記述します．

@enumerate

@item
@c How can I list just the names of matching files?
@c 
マッチしたファイルの名前のみリストアップするには，どうしたら良いのですか？

@example
grep -l 'main' *.c
@end example

@noindent
@c lists the names of all C files in the current directory whose contents
@c mention @samp{main}.
@c 
カレントディレクトリで，内容に@samp{main}があるCファイルの名前をリストアッ
プします．

@item
@c How do I search directories recursively?
@c 
ディレクトリを再帰的に検索するには，どうしたら良いのですか？

@example
grep -r 'hello' /home/gigi
@end example

@noindent
@c searches for @samp{hello} in all files under the directory
@c @file{/home/gigi}.  For more control of which files are searched, use
@c @command{find}, @command{grep} and @command{xargs}.  For example,
@c the following command searches only C files:
@c 
@samp{hello}を，ディレクトリ@file{/home/gigi}の下の，全てのファイルで検
索します．検索ファイルをもっと制御するために，@command{find}，
@command{grep}と，@command{xargs}を使ってください．例えば，以下のコマン
ドはCファイルのみを検索します．

@smallexample
find /home/gigi -name '*.c' -print | xargs grep 'hello' /dev/null
@end smallexample

@c This differs from the command:
@c 
これは，以下のコマンドとは異なります．

@example
grep -r 'hello' *.c
@end example

@c which merely looks for @samp{hello} in all files in the current
@c directory whose names end in @samp{.c}.  Here the @option{-r} is
@c probably unnecessary, as recursion occurs only in the unlikely event
@c that one of @samp{.c} files is a directory.
@c 
それは単純に，現在のディレクトリのファイル名が@samp{.c}で終るすべてのファ
イルで@samp{hello}を探します．ここでの@option{-r}は，再帰的が@samp{.c}と
いうファイルの一つがディレクトリであるという滅多に発生しない事象でのみ発
動するので，移植性のため不必要です．

@item
@c What if a pattern has a leading @samp{-}?
@c 
パターンが@samp{-}で始まる場合，どうすれば良いのでしょうか？

@example
grep -e '--cut here--' *
@end example

@noindent
@c searches for all lines matching @samp{--cut here--}.  Without @samp{-e},
@c @command{grep} would attempt to parse @samp{--cut here--} as a list of
@c options.
@c 
@samp{--cut here--}にマッチする全ての行を検索します．@samp{-e}がない場合，
@command{grep}は，@samp{--cut here--}をオプションのリストとして，分割し
ようとします．

@item
@c Suppose I want to search for a whole word, not a part of a word?
@c 
単語の一部ではなく，単語全体を検索したいのですが？

@example
grep -w 'hello' *
@end example

@noindent
@c searches only for instances of @samp{hello} that are entire words; it
@c does not match @samp{Othello}.  For more control, use @samp{\<} and
@c @samp{\>} to match the start and end of words.  For example:
@c 
単語全体で@samp{hello}となるもののみを検索します．@samp{Othello}にはマッ
チしません．より制御するため，単語の最初と最後にマッチする，@samp{\<}と
@samp{\>}を使ってください．例えば，以下のようにします．

@example
grep 'hello\>' *
@end example

@noindent
@c searches only for words ending in @samp{hello}, so it matches the word
@c @samp{Othello}.
@c 
@samp{hello}で終る単語のみを検索するので，単語@samp{Othello}にマッチしま
す．

@item
@c How do I output context around the matching lines?
@c 
マッチした行の周りの文脈を出力するには，どうしたら良いのでしょうか？

@example
grep -C 2 'hello' *
@end example

@noindent
@c prints two lines of context around each matching line.
@c 
マッチした行の周りの文を，それぞれ２行出力します．

@item
@c How do I force grep to print the name of the file?
@c 
@command{grep}で強制的にファイル名を出力するにはどうしたら良いのでしょう
か？

@c Append @file{/dev/null}:
@c 
@file{/dev/null}を加えてください．

@example
grep 'eli' /etc/passwd /dev/null
@end example

@c gets you:
@c 
以下を得るでしょう．

@smallexample
/etc/passwd:eli:DNGUTF58.IMe.:98:11:Eli Smith:/home/do/eli:/bin/bash
@end smallexample

@item
@c Why do people use strange regular expressions on @command{ps} output?
@c 
@command{ps}出力で，奇妙な正規表現をなぜ使うのですか？

@example
ps -ef | grep '[c]ron'
@end example

@c If the pattern had been written without the square brackets, it would
@c have matched not only the @command{ps} output line for @command{cron},
@c but also the @command{ps} output line for @command{grep}.
@c Note that some platforms @command{ps} limit the ouput to the width
@c of the screen, grep does not have any limit on the length of a line
@c except the available memory.
@c 
パターンが角カッコなしで書かれている場合，@command{ps}出力行の
@command{cron}だけでなく，@command{ps}出力の@command{grep}にもマッチしま
す．プラットフォームによっては，@command{ps}の出力が画面の幅に制限されて
いることに注意してください．@command{grep}には，利用可能なメモリ以外には，
行の長さの制限は全くありません．

@item
@c Why does @command{grep} report ``Binary file matches''?
@c 
@command{grep}は``バイナリファイルのマッチ''をなぜ報告するのですか？

@c If @command{grep} listed all matching ``lines'' from a binary file, it
@c would probably generate output that is not useful, and it might even
@c muck up your display.  So @sc{gnu} @command{grep} suppresses output from
@c files that appear to be binary files.  To force @sc{gnu} @command{grep}
@c to output lines even from files that appear to be binary, use the
@c @samp{-a} or @samp{--binary-files=text} option.  To eliminate the
@c ``Binary file matches'' messages, use the @samp{-I} or
@c @samp{--binary-files=without-match} option.
@c 
@command{grep}が，バイナリファイルから全てのマッチ@strong{行}をリストアッ
プした場合，生成された出力はおそらく役に立たず，ディスプレイにゴミを撒き
散らすでしょう．そのため，@sc{gnu} @command{grep}は，明らかなバイナリファ
イルからの出力は抑制します．明らかなバイナリファイルからも，@sc{gnu}
@command{grep}の出力を強制させるため，@samp{-a}や
@samp{--binary-files=text}オプションを使用してください．``Binary file
matches''メッセージをエミュレートするため，@samp{-I}や
@samp{--binary-files=without-match}オプションを使用してください．

@item
@c Why doesn't @samp{grep -lv} print nonmatching file names?
@c 
@samp{grep -lv}は，なぜマッチしないファイル名を出力しないのですか？

@c @samp{grep -lv} lists the names of all files containing one or more
@c lines that do not match.  To list the names of all files that contain no
@c matching lines, use the @samp{-L} or @samp{--files-without-match}
@c option.
@c 
@samp{grep -lv}は，1つ以上マッチしていない行を含む，全てのファイル名をリ
ストアップします．マッチ行がない全てのファイル名をリストアップするために，
@samp{-L}や@samp{--files-without-match}オプションを使ってください．

@item
@c I can do @sc{or} with @samp{|}, but what about @sc{and}?
@c 
@sc{or}は@samp{|}でできますが，@sc{and}はどうするのですか？

@example
grep 'paul' /etc/motd | grep 'franc,ois'
@end example

@noindent
@c finds all lines that contain both @samp{paul} and @samp{franc,ois}.
@c 
@samp{paul}と@samp{franc,ois}の両方を含む全ての行を検索します．

@item
@c How can I search in both standard input and in files?
@c 
標準入力とファイルの両方を，どうすると検索できますか？

@c Use the special file name @samp{-}:
@c 
特別なファイル名@samp{-}を使用してください．

@example
cat /etc/passwd | grep 'alain' - /etc/motd
@end example

@item
@cindex palindromes
@c How to express palindromes in a regular expression?
@c 
どのようにして正規表現で回文を表現するのですが？

@c It can be done by using the back referecences, for example a palindrome
@c of 4 chararcters can be written in BRE.
@c 
後方参照を使用して行なうことが可能で，例えば，４文字の回文は基本的な正規
表現で書くことが可能です．

@example
grep -w -e '\(.\)\(.\).\2\1' file
@end example

@c It matches the word "radar" or "civic".
@c 
それは，単語"radar"や"civic"にマッチします．

@c Guglielmo Bondioni proposed a single RE that finds all the palindromes up to 19
@c characters long.
@c 
Guglielmo Bondioniは，１９文字までの長さのすべての回文を見つける，単一の
正規表現を提案しました．

@example
egrep -e '^(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?)(.?).?\9\8\7\6\5\4\3\2\1$' file
@end example

@c Note this is done by using GNU ERE extensions, it might not be portable on
@c other greps.
@c 
これは@sc{gnu}の拡張正規表現の拡張機能を使用してなされていることに注意し
てください．それは他の@command{grep}では移植性が無いでしょう．

@item
@c Why are my expressions whith the vertical bar fail?
@c 
垂直バーがある以下の正規表現はなぜ失敗するのですか？

@example
/bin/echo "ba" | egrep '(a)\1|(b)\1'
@end example

@c The first alternate branch fails then the first group was not in the match
@c this will make the second alternate branch fails.  For example, "aaba" will
@c match, the first group participate in the match and can be reuse in the
@c second branch.
@c 
最初の交換で失敗し，最初のグループはマッチにならず，このため２番目の交換
でも失敗します．例えば，"aaba"にはマッチし，最初のグループはマッチに加わ
り，２番目のマッチで再利用することが可能です．

@item
@c What do @command{grep, fgrep, egrep} stand for ?
@c 
@command{grep, fgrep, egrep}は何を意味するのですか？

@c grep comes from the way line editing was done on Unix.  For example,
@c @command{ed} uses this syntax to print a list of matching lines on the screen.
@c 
@command{grep}はUnix上で行を編集するものとして生まれました．例えば，
@command{ed}は画面にマッチした行のリストを出力するために，この構文を使用
します．

@example
global/regular expression/print
g/re/p
@end example

@c @command{fgrep} stands for Fixed @command{grep}, @command{egrep} Extended
@c @command{grep}.
@c 
@command{fgrep}は修正された@command{grep}を意味し，@command{egrep}は拡張
された@command{grep}を意味します．

@end enumerate

@node Reporting Bugs, Copying, Usage, Top
@chapter バグの報告

@cindex Bugs, reporting
@c Email bug reports to @email{bug-gnu-utils@@gnu.org}.
@c Be sure to include the word ``grep'' somewhere in the ``Subject:'' field.
@c 
バグの報告は，@email{bug-gnu-utils@@gnu.org}に電子メールを送ってください．
``Subject:''フィールドのどこかに，単語``grep''があることを確かめてくださ
い．

@c Large repetition counts in the @samp{@{n,m@}} construct may cause
@c @command{grep} to use lots of memory.  In addition, certain other
@c obscure regular expressions require exponential time and
@c space, and may cause grep to run out of memory.
@c Back-references are very slow, and may require exponential time.
@c 
@samp{@{n,m@}}の大きな繰り返し回数で，@command{grep}が多くのメモリを使う
可能性があります．さらに，特定のその他の曖昧な正規表現は，指数関数的な時
間と空間を要求し，@command{grep}の実行はメモリ不足になる可能性があります．
後方参照は大変遅く，指数関数的な時間を必要とする可能性があります．

@node Copying, GNU General Public License, Reporting Bugs, Top
@chapter コピーについて
@cindex Copying
GNU grep is licensed under the GNU GPL, which makes it @dfn{free
software}.

Please note that ``free'' in ``free software'' refers to liberty, not
price.  As some GNU project advocates like to point out, think of ``free
speech'' rather than ``free beer''.  The exact and legally binding
distribution terms are spelled out below; in short, you have the right
(freedom) to run and change grep and distribute it to other people, and
even---if you want---charge money for doing either.  The important
restriction is that you have to grant your recipients the same rights
and impose the same restrictions.

This method of licensing software is also known as @dfn{open source}
because, among other things, it makes sure that all recipients will
receive the source code along with the program, and be able to improve
it.  The GNU project prefers the term ``free software'' for reasons
outlined at
@url{http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html}.

The exact license terms are defined by this paragraph and the GNU
General Public License it refers to:

@quotation
GNU grep is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it
under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your
option) any later version.

GNU grep is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU General Public License
for more details.

A copy of the GNU General Public License is included as part of this
manual; if you did not receive it, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
@end quotation

In addition to this, this manual is free in the same sense:

@quotation
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``GNU Free
Documentation License'', with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no
Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section
entitled ``GNU Free Documentation License''.
@end quotation

@c #### Maybe we should wrap these licenses in ifinfo?  Stallman says
@c that the GFDL needs to be present in the manual, and to me it would
@c suck to include the license for the manual and not the license for
@c the program.

The full texts of the GNU General Public License and of the GNU Free
Documentation License are available below.

@menu
* GNU General Public License:: GNU GPL
* GNU Free Documentation License:: GNU FDL
@end menu

@node GNU General Public License, GNU Free Documentation License, Copying, Copying
@section GNU General Public License
@center Version 2, June 1991
@cindex GPL, GNU General Public License

@display
Copyright @copyright{} 1989, 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display

@unnumberedsec Preamble

  The licenses for most software are designed to take away your
freedom to share and change it.  By contrast, the GNU General Public
License is intended to guarantee your freedom to share and change free
software---to make sure the software is free for all its users.  This
General Public License applies to most of the Free Software
Foundation's software and to any other program whose authors commit to
using it.  (Some other Free Software Foundation software is covered by
the GNU Library General Public License instead.)  You can apply it to
your programs, too.

  When we speak of free software, we are referring to freedom, not
price.  Our General Public Licenses are designed to make sure that you
have the freedom to distribute copies of free software (and charge for
this service if you wish), that you receive source code or can get it
if you want it, that you can change the software or use pieces of it
in new free programs; and that you know you can do these things.

  To protect your rights, we need to make restrictions that forbid
anyone to deny you these rights or to ask you to surrender the rights.
These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you
distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.

  For example, if you distribute copies of such a program, whether
gratis or for a fee, you must give the recipients all the rights that
you have.  You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the
source code.  And you must show them these terms so they know their
rights.

  We protect your rights with two steps: (1) copyright the software, and
(2) offer you this license which gives you legal permission to copy,
distribute and/or modify the software.

  Also, for each author's protection and ours, we want to make certain
that everyone understands that there is no warranty for this free
software.  If the software is modified by someone else and passed on, we
want its recipients to know that what they have is not the original, so
that any problems introduced by others will not reflect on the original
authors' reputations.

  Finally, any free program is threatened constantly by software
patents.  We wish to avoid the danger that redistributors of a free
program will individually obtain patent licenses, in effect making the
program proprietary.  To prevent this, we have made it clear that any
patent must be licensed for everyone's free use or not licensed at all.

  The precise terms and conditions for copying, distribution and
modification follow.

@iftex
@unnumberedsec TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@center TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR COPYING, DISTRIBUTION AND MODIFICATION
@end ifinfo

@enumerate
@item
This License applies to any program or other work which contains
a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it may be distributed
under the terms of this General Public License.  The ``Program'', below,
refers to any such program or work, and a ``work based on the Program''
means either the Program or any derivative work under copyright law:
that is to say, a work containing the Program or a portion of it,
either verbatim or with modifications and/or translated into another
language.  (Hereinafter, translation is included without limitation in
the term ``modification''.)  Each licensee is addressed as ``you''.

Activities other than copying, distribution and modification are not
covered by this License; they are outside its scope.  The act of
running the Program is not restricted, and the output from the Program
is covered only if its contents constitute a work based on the
Program (independent of having been made by running the Program).
Whether that is true depends on what the Program does.

@item
You may copy and distribute verbatim copies of the Program's
source code as you receive it, in any medium, provided that you
conspicuously and appropriately publish on each copy an appropriate
copyright notice and disclaimer of warranty; keep intact all the
notices that refer to this License and to the absence of any warranty;
and give any other recipients of the Program a copy of this License
along with the Program.

You may charge a fee for the physical act of transferring a copy, and
you may at your option offer warranty protection in exchange for a fee.

@item
You may modify your copy or copies of the Program or any portion
of it, thus forming a work based on the Program, and copy and
distribute such modifications or work under the terms of Section 1
above, provided that you also meet all of these conditions:

@enumerate a
@item
You must cause the modified files to carry prominent notices
stating that you changed the files and the date of any change.

@item
You must cause any work that you distribute or publish, that in
whole or in part contains or is derived from the Program or any
part thereof, to be licensed as a whole at no charge to all third
parties under the terms of this License.

@item
If the modified program normally reads commands interactively
when run, you must cause it, when started running for such
interactive use in the most ordinary way, to print or display an
announcement including an appropriate copyright notice and a
notice that there is no warranty (or else, saying that you provide
a warranty) and that users may redistribute the program under
these conditions, and telling the user how to view a copy of this
License.  (Exception: if the Program itself is interactive but
does not normally print such an announcement, your work based on
the Program is not required to print an announcement.)
@end enumerate

These requirements apply to the modified work as a whole.  If
identifiable sections of that work are not derived from the Program,
and can be reasonably considered independent and separate works in
themselves, then this License, and its terms, do not apply to those
sections when you distribute them as separate works.  But when you
distribute the same sections as part of a whole which is a work based
on the Program, the distribution of the whole must be on the terms of
this License, whose permissions for other licensees extend to the
entire whole, and thus to each and every part regardless of who wrote it.

Thus, it is not the intent of this section to claim rights or contest
your rights to work written entirely by you; rather, the intent is to
exercise the right to control the distribution of derivative or
collective works based on the Program.

In addition, mere aggregation of another work not based on the Program
with the Program (or with a work based on the Program) on a volume of
a storage or distribution medium does not bring the other work under
the scope of this License.

@item
You may copy and distribute the Program (or a work based on it,
under Section 2) in object code or executable form under the terms of
Sections 1 and 2 above provided that you also do one of the following:

@enumerate a
@item
Accompany it with the complete corresponding machine-readable
source code, which must be distributed under the terms of Sections
1 and 2 above on a medium customarily used for software interchange; or,

@item
Accompany it with a written offer, valid for at least three
years, to give any third party, for a charge no more than your
cost of physically performing source distribution, a complete
machine-readable copy of the corresponding source code, to be
distributed under the terms of Sections 1 and 2 above on a medium
customarily used for software interchange; or,

@item
Accompany it with the information you received as to the offer
to distribute corresponding source code.  (This alternative is
allowed only for noncommercial distribution and only if you
received the program in object code or executable form with such
an offer, in accord with Subsection b above.)
@end enumerate

The source code for a work means the preferred form of the work for
making modifications to it.  For an executable work, complete source
code means all the source code for all modules it contains, plus any
associated interface definition files, plus the scripts used to
control compilation and installation of the executable.  However, as a
special exception, the source code distributed need not include
anything that is normally distributed (in either source or binary
form) with the major components (compiler, kernel, and so on) of the
operating system on which the executable runs, unless that component
itself accompanies the executable.

If distribution of executable or object code is made by offering
access to copy from a designated place, then offering equivalent
access to copy the source code from the same place counts as
distribution of the source code, even though third parties are not
compelled to copy the source along with the object code.

@item
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Program
except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Program is
void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under
this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.

@item
You are not required to accept this License, since you have not
signed it.  However, nothing else grants you permission to modify or
distribute the Program or its derivative works.  These actions are
prohibited by law if you do not accept this License.  Therefore, by
modifying or distributing the Program (or any work based on the
Program), you indicate your acceptance of this License to do so, and
all its terms and conditions for copying, distributing or modifying
the Program or works based on it.

@item
Each time you redistribute the Program (or any work based on the
Program), the recipient automatically receives a license from the
original licensor to copy, distribute or modify the Program subject to
these terms and conditions.  You may not impose any further
restrictions on the recipients' exercise of the rights granted herein.
You are not responsible for enforcing compliance by third parties to
this License.

@item
If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent
infringement or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues),
conditions are imposed on you (whether by court order, agreement or
otherwise) that contradict the conditions of this License, they do not
excuse you from the conditions of this License.  If you cannot
distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations under this
License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence you
may not distribute the Program at all.  For example, if a patent
license would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by
all those who receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then
the only way you could satisfy both it and this License would be to
refrain entirely from distribution of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under
any particular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to
apply and the section as a whole is intended to apply in other
circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any
patents or other property right claims or to contest validity of any
such claims; this section has the sole purpose of protecting the
integrity of the free software distribution system, which is
implemented by public license practices.  Many people have made
generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed
through that system in reliance on consistent application of that
system; it is up to the author/donor to decide if he or she is willing
to distribute software through any other system and a licensee cannot
impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to
be a consequence of the rest of this License.

@item
If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in
certain countries either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the
original copyright holder who places the Program under this License
may add an explicit geographical distribution limitation excluding
those countries, so that distribution is permitted only in or among
countries not thus excluded.  In such case, this License incorporates
the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

@item
The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions
of the General Public License from time to time.  Such new versions will
be similar in spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to
address new problems or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number.  If the Program
specifies a version number of this License which applies to it and ``any
later version'', you have the option of following the terms and conditions
either of that version or of any later version published by the Free
Software Foundation.  If the Program does not specify a version number of
this License, you may choose any version ever published by the Free Software
Foundation.

@item
If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free
programs whose distribution conditions are different, write to the author
to ask for permission.  For software which is copyrighted by the Free
Software Foundation, write to the Free Software Foundation; we sometimes
make exceptions for this.  Our decision will be guided by the two goals
of preserving the free status of all derivatives of our free software and
of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

@iftex
@heading NO WARRANTY
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@center NO WARRANTY
@end ifinfo
@cindex no warranty

@item
BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY
FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.  EXCEPT WHEN
OTHERWISE STATED IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES
PROVIDE THE PROGRAM ``AS IS'' WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED
OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  THE ENTIRE RISK AS
TO THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH YOU.  SHOULD THE
PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING,
REPAIR OR CORRECTION.

@item
IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAW OR AGREED TO IN WRITING
WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR
REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES,
INCLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING
OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
TO LOSS OF DATA OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED BY
YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER
PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
@end enumerate

@iftex
@heading END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end iftex
@ifinfo
@center END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
@end ifinfo

@page
@unnumberedsec How to Apply These Terms to Your New Programs

  If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest
possible use to the public, the best way to achieve this is to make it
free software which everyone can redistribute and change under these terms.

  To do so, attach the following notices to the program.  It is safest
to attach them to the start of each source file to most effectively
convey the exclusion of warranty; and each file should have at least
the ``copyright'' line and a pointer to where the full notice is found.

@smallexample
@var{one line to give the program's name and an idea of what it does.}
Copyright (C) 19@var{yy}  @var{name of author}

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License
as published by the Free Software Foundation; either version 2
of the License, or (at your option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
Foundation, Inc., 675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
@end smallexample

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this
when it starts in an interactive mode:

@smallexample
Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19@var{yy} @var{name of author}
Gnomovision comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details
type `show w'.  This is free software, and you are welcome
to redistribute it under certain conditions; type `show c'
for details.
@end smallexample

The hypothetical commands @samp{show w} and @samp{show c} should show
the appropriate parts of the General Public License.  Of course, the
commands you use may be called something other than @samp{show w} and
@samp{show c}; they could even be mouse-clicks or menu items---whatever
suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your
school, if any, to sign a ``copyright disclaimer'' for the program, if
necessary.  Here is a sample; alter the names:

@smallexample
@group
Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright
interest in the program `Gnomovision'
(which makes passes at compilers) written
by James Hacker.

@var{signature of Ty Coon}, 1 April 1989
Ty Coon, President of Vice
@end group
@end smallexample

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into
proprietary programs.  If your program is a subroutine library, you may
consider it more useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the
library.  If this is what you want to do, use the GNU Library General
Public License instead of this License.

@node GNU Free Documentation License, Concept Index, GNU General Public License, Copying
@section GNU Free Documentation License
@center Version 1.1, March 2000
@cindex FDL, GNU Free Documentation License

@display
Copyright (C) 2000  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA  02111-1307  USA

Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
@end display
@sp 1
@enumerate 0
@item
PREAMBLE

The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
written document ``free'' in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone
the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without
modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially.  Secondarily,
this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get
credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for
modifications made by others.

This License is a kind of ``copyleft'', which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.  It
complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.

We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free
software, because free software needs free documentation: a free
program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the
software does.  But this License is not limited to software manuals;
it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or
whether it is published as a printed book.  We recommend this License
principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.

@sp 1
@item
APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a
notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed
under the terms of this License.  The ``Document'', below, refers to any
such manual or work.  Any member of the public is a licensee, and is
addressed as ``you''.

A ``Modified Version'' of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.

A ``Secondary Section'' is a named appendix or a front-matter section of
the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject
(or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly
within that overall subject.  (For example, if the Document is in part a
textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any
mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of historical
connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal,
commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding
them.

The ``Invariant Sections'' are certain Secondary Sections whose titles
are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License.

The ``Cover Texts'' are certain short passages of text that are listed,
as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that
the Document is released under this License.

A ``Transparent'' copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and
straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of
pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available
drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or
for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input
to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file
format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage
subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent.  A copy that is
not ``Transparent'' is called ``Opaque''.

Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML
or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple
HTML designed for human modification.  Opaque formats include
PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only
by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or
processing tools are not generally available, and the
machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output
purposes only.

The ``Title Page'' means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material
this License requires to appear in the title page.  For works in
formats which do not have any title page as such, ``Title Page'' means
the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title,
preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
@sp 1
@item
VERBATIM COPYING

You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies
to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other
conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You may not use
technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further
copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However, you may accept
compensation in exchange for copies.  If you distribute a large enough
number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3.

You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and
you may publicly display copies.
@sp 1
@item
COPYING IN QUANTITY

If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100,
and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose
the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover
Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on
the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify
you as the publisher of these copies.  The front cover must present
the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and
visible.  You may add other material on the covers in addition.
Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve
the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated
as verbatim copying in other respects.

If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.

If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering
more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent
copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy
a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete
Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the
general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no
charge using public-standard network protocols.  If you use the latter
option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin
distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this
Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location
until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque
copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to
the public.

It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the
Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give
them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
@sp 1
@item
MODIFICATIONS

You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under
the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release
the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified
Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution
and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy
of it.  In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:

A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct
   from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions
   (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section
   of the Document).  You may use the same title as a previous version
   if the original publisher of that version gives permission.@*
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities
   responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified
   Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the
   Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).@*
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
   Modified Version, as the publisher.@*
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.@*
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
   adjacent to the other copyright notices.@*
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice
   giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the
   terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.@*
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections
   and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.@*
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.@*
I. Preserve the section entitled ``History'', and its title, and add to
   it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and
   publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page.  If
   there is no section entitled ``History'' in the Document, create one
   stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as
   given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified
   Version as stated in the previous sentence.@*
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for
   public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise
   the network locations given in the Document for previous versions
   it was based on.  These may be placed in the ``History'' section.
   You may omit a network location for a work that was published at
   least four years before the Document itself, or if the original
   publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.@*
K. In any section entitled ``Acknowledgements'' or ``Dedications'',
   preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the
   substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements
   and/or dedications given therein.@*
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
   unaltered in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers
   or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.@*
M. Delete any section entitled ``Endorsements''.  Such a section
   may not be included in the Modified Version.@*
N. Do not retitle any existing section as ``Endorsements''
   or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.@*
@sp 1
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material
copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all
of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their titles to the
list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice.
These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.

You may add a section entitled ``Endorsements'', provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a
standard.

You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a
passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list
of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage of
Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document already
includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or
by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of,
you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit
permission from the previous publisher that added the old one.

The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License
give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or
imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
@sp 1
@item
COMBINING DOCUMENTS

You may combine the Document with other documents released under this
License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified
versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the
Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and
list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its
license notice.

The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but
different contents, make the title of each such section unique by
adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original
author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number.
Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of
Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work.

In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled ``History''
in the various original documents, forming one section entitled
``History''; likewise combine any sections entitled ``Acknowledgements'',
and any sections entitled ``Dedications''.  You must delete all sections
entitled ``Endorsements.''
@sp 1
@item
COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents
released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this
License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in
the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for
verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects.

You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute
it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this
License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all
other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
@sp 1
@item
AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate
and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or
distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version
of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the
compilation.  Such a compilation is called an ``aggregate'', and this
License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled
with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter
of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on
covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate.
Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
@sp 1
@item
TRANSLATION

Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4.
Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
translation of this License provided that you also include the
original English version of this License.  In case of a disagreement
between the translation and the original English version of this
License, the original English version will prevail.
@sp 1
@item
TERMINATION

You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except
as expressly provided for under this License.  Any other attempt to
copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will
automatically terminate your rights under this License.  However,
parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this
License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such
parties remain in full compliance.
@sp 1
@item
FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions
of the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/.

Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version number.
If the Document specifies that a particular numbered version of this
License ``or any later version'' applies to it, you have the option of
following the terms and conditions either of that specified version or
of any later version that has been published (not as a draft) by the
Free Software Foundation.  If the Document does not specify a version
number of this License, you may choose any version ever published (not
as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.

@end enumerate

@unnumberedsec ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and
license notices just after the title page:

@smallexample
@group

  Copyright (C)  @var{year}  @var{your name}.
  Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
  under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1
  or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
  with the Invariant Sections being @var{list their titles}, with the
  Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}, and with the Back-Cover Texts being @var{list}.
  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
  Free Documentation License''.
@end group
@end smallexample
If you have no Invariant Sections, write ``with no Invariant Sections''
instead of saying which ones are invariant.  If you have no
Front-Cover Texts, write ``no Front-Cover Texts'' instead of
``Front-Cover Texts being @var{list}''; likewise for Back-Cover Texts.

If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
free software license, such as the GNU General Public License,
to permit their use in free software.

@page
@node Concept Index, Index, GNU Free Documentation License, Top
@unnumbered 概念による索引

@c This is a general index of all issues discussed in this manual, with the
@c exception of the @command{grep} commands and command-line options.
@c 
これは，@command{grep}コマンドとコマンドラインオプション以外の，このマニュ
アルで述べられている，全ての問題の，一般的な索引です．

@printindex cp

@page
@node Index,, Concept Index, Top
@unnumbered 索引

@c This is an alphabetical list of all @command{grep} commands, command-line
@c options, and environment variables.
@c 
これは，全ての@command{grep}コマンド，コマンドラインオプションと，環境変
数の，アルファベット順のリストです．

@printindex fn

@contents
@bye
